Книга: Микробы хорошие и плохие. Наше здоровье и выживание в мире бактерий

Часть 5. Брать хитростью, а не силой

1 Aging of Veterans of the Union Army: Military, Pension and Medical Records, 1820–1940 (ICPSR 6837); A. J. Bollet, “Rheumatic Diseases Among Civil War Troops”, Arthritis and Rheumatism 34 (1991), 11971203; Gina Kolata, “So Big and Healthy Nowadays, Grandpa Wouldn’t Know You”, New York Times, July 30, 2006, A1.

2 Robert Fogel, Dora Costa, “A Theory of Technophysio Evolution, with Some Implications for Forecasting Population, Health Care Costs, and Pension Costs”, Demography 34 (1997), 49–66; Dora Costa, “Understanding the 20th-Century Decline in Chronic Conditions Among Older Men”, Demography 37 (2000) 53–72; Dora Costa, “Why Were Older Men in the Past in Such Poor Health”, web.mit.edu / costa / www / papers.html.

3 Jianhui Zhu et al., “Prospective Study of Pathogen Burden and Risk of Myocardial Infarction or Death”, Circulation 103 (2001), 45–51; Jean-Louis Georges et al., “Impact of Pathogen Burden in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease in Relation to Systemic Inflammation and Variation in Genes Encoding Cytokines”, American Journal of Cardiology 92 (2003), 515–521.

4 Caleb Finch, Eileen Crimmins, “Inflammatory Exposure and Historic Changes in Human Life-Spans”, Science 305 (2004), 1736–1739; Eileen Crimmi, Caleb Finch, “Infection, Inflammation, Height and Longevity”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (2006), 498–503.

5 R. Montenegro, C. Stephens, “Indigenous Health in Latin America and the Caribbean”, Lancet 367 (2006), 1859–1869.

6 Rudi Westendorp et al., “Optimizing Human Fertility and Survival”, Nature Medicine 7 (2001), 873; G. Doblhammer, J. Oeppen, “Reproduction and Longevity: The Effect of Frailty and Health Selection”, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 270 (2003), 1541–1547; D. Lio et al., “Inflammation, Genetics, and Longevity”, Journal of Medical Genetics 40 (2003), 296–299.

7 Rudi Westendorp, “Are We Becoming Less Disposable?” EMBO Reports 5 (2004), 2–6.

8 Y. W. Miller et al., “Sequential Antibiotic Therapy for Acne Promotes the Carriage of Resistant Staphylococci on the Skin of Contacts”, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 38 (1996), 829–837; David Margolis et al., “Antibiotic Treatment of Acne May Be Associated with Upper Respiratory Tract Infections”, Archives of Dermatology 141 (2005), 1132–1136; Ross Levy et al., “Effect of Antibiotics on the Oropharyngeal Flora in Patients with Acne”, Archives of Dermatology 139 (2003), 467–471.

9 K. G. Naber, “Treatment Options for Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis in Adults”, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 46 (2000), S23 – S277.

10 Susan Swedo et al., “Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections: Clinical Description of the First 5 °Cases”, American Journal of Psychiatry 155 (1998), 264–271; F. Breedveld et al., “Minocycline Treatment for Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Open Dose Study”, Journal ofRheumatology 17 (1990), 43–46.

11 Marie-Therese Labro, “Antibiotics as Anti-inflammatory Agents”, Current Opinions in Investigational Drugs 3 (2002), 61–68; P. N. Black,

“Anti-inflammatory Effects of Macrolide Antibiotics”, European Respiratory Journal 10 (1997), 971–972.

12 J. Thomas Grayston, “Does Chlamydia pneumoniae Cause Atherosclerosis?” Archives of Surgery 134 (1999), 930–934; J. D. Beck et al., “Dental Infections and Atherosclerosis”, American Heart Journal 138 (1999), S528 – S533.

13 Francisco Gimenez-Sanchez et al., “Treating Cardiovascular Disease with Antimicrobial Agents: A Survey of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Among Physicians in the United States”, Clinical Infectious Diseases 33 (2001), 171–176.

14 Christopher Cannon et al., “Antibiotic Treatment of Chlamydia pneumoniae After Acute Coronary Syndrome”, New England Journal of Medicine 352 (2005), 2545–2554; Thomas Grayston et al., “Azithromycin for the Secondary Prevention of Coronary Events”, New England Journal of Medicine 352 (2005), 1637–1645.

15 Jeffrey Anderson, “Infection, Antibiotics and Atherothrombosis – End of the Road or New Beginnings”, New England Journal of Medicine 352 (April 21, 2005), 1706–1709.

16 WHO Annual Report on Infectious Disease: Overcoming Antimicrobial Resistance (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2000), имеется в сети по адресу: www.who.int / infectious-disease-report / 2000/.

17 Amy Pruden et al., “Antibiotic Resistance Genes as Emerging Contaminants: Studies in Northern Colorado”, Environmental Science and Technology 40 (2006), 7445–7450.

18 Elissa Ladd, “The Use of Antibiotics for Viral Upper Respiratory Tract Infections: An Analysis of Nurse Practitioner and Physician Prescribing Practices in Ambulatory Care, 1997–2001”, Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners 17 (2005), 416–424; Arch Mainous III et al., “Trends in Antimicrobial Prescribing for Bronchitis and Upper Respiratory Infections Among Adults and Children”, American Journal of Public Health 93 (2003), 1910–1914.

19 H. Bauchner et al., “Parents, Physicians, and Antibiotic Use”, Pediatrics 103 (1999), 395–398; R. L. Watson et al., “Antimicrobial Use for Pediatric Upper Respiratory Infections: Reported Practice, Actual Practice, and Parent Beliefs”, Pediatrics 104 (1999), 12511257; R. L. Watson et al., “Inappropriateness and Variability of Antibiotic Prescription Among French Office-Based Physicians”, Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 51 (1998), 61–68; E. E. L. Wang et al., “Antibiotic Prescribing for Canadian Preschool Children: Evidence of Overprescribing for Viral Respiratory Infections”, Clinical Infectious Diseases 29 (1999), 155–160; L. F. McCaig, J. M. Hughes, “Trends in Antimicrobial Drug Prescribing Among Office Based Physicians in the United States”, Journal of the American Medical Association 273 (1995), 214–219.

20 Rachida el Moussaoui et al., “Effectiveness of Discontinuing Antibiotic Treatment After Three Days Versus Eight Days in Mild to Moderate-Severe Community Acquired Pneumonia: Randomised, Double-Blind Study”, British Medical Journal 332 (2006), 1355–1362.

21 Christopher Stille et al., “Increased Use of Second-Generation Macrolide Antibiotics for Children in Nine Health Plans in the United States”, Pediatrics 114 (2004), 1206–1211; Mainous et al., “Trends in Antimicrobial Prescribing”.

22 William Check, “Real-Time PCR for the Rest of Us”, College of American Pathologists/CAP Today, June 2006.

23 Didier Guillemot et al., “Reduction of Antibiotic Use in the Community Reduces the Rate of Colonization with Penicillin G-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae”, Clinical Infectious Diseases 41 (2005), 930–938.

24 W. Michael Dunne et al., “Clinical Microbiology in the Year 2025”, Journal of Clinical Microbiology 40 (2002), 3889–3893.

25 W. J. Wilson et al., “Sequence-Specific Identification of 18 Pathogenic Microorganisms Using Microarray Technology”, Molecular and Cellular Probes 16 (2002), 119–127.

26 Письмо Тома Слезака (Tom Slezak) автору от ноября 2006 г.

27 Daniel Sinsimer et al., “Use of Multiplex Molecular Beacon Platform for Rapid Detection of Methicillin and Vancomycin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus”, Journal of Clinical Microbiology 43 (2005), 4585–4591.

28 J. T. McLure et al., “Performance of an Investigational Commercial Real-Time PCR Assay for Direct Detection of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA on Clinical Samples”, poster 357, 44th annual meeting of the Infectious Disease Society of America, Toronto, October 10, 2006.

29 Там же.

30 Письмо Лори Хендерсона (Lori Henderson, заместитель директора по маркетингу компании GeneOhm) автору от ноября 2006 г.

31 Jaana Harmoinen et al., “Orally Administered Targeted Recombinant Beta-lactamase Prevents Ampicillin-Induced Selective Pressure on the Gut Microbiota: A Novel Approach to Reducing Antimicrobial Resistance”, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48 (2004), 75–79; “Ipsat Therapies Announces Positive Phase II Results for Lead Product Against Antibiotic Resistance and Hospital Acquired Infection”, 15th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen, April5, 2005.

32 Klaus Stoeckel et al., “Stability of Cephalosporin Prodrug Esters in Human Intestinal Juice: Implications for Oral Bioavailability”, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 42 (1998), 2602–2606.

33 W. Graninger, “Pivmecillinam – Therapy of Choice for Lower Urinary Tract Infection”, International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 22 (2003), suppl. 2, 73–78; George Zhanel et al., “A Canadian National Surveillance Study of Urinary Tract Isolates from Outpatients: Comparison of the Activities of TrimethoprimSulfamethoxazole, Ampicillin, Mecillinam, Nitrofurantoin, and Ciprofloxacin”, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 44 (2000), 1089–1092.

34 A. Sullivan et al., “Effect of Perorally Administered Pivmecillinam on the Normal Oropharyngeal, Intestinal and Skin Microflora”, Journal of Chemotherapy (2001), 299–308; A. Heimdahl et al., “Effect of Bacampicillin on Human Mouth, Throat and Colon Microflora”, Infection 7 (1979), S446 – S451.

35 Carolos Amabile-Cuevas, Jack Heinemann, “Shooting the Messenger of Antibiotic Resistance: Plasmid Elimination as a Potential CounterEvolutionary Tactic”, Drug Discover Today 9 (2004), 465–467.

36 Johna DeNap, Paul Hergenrother, “Bacterial Death Comes Full Circle: Targeting Plasmid Replication in Drug-Resistant Bacteria”, Organic Biomolecular Chemistry 3 (2005), 959–966.

37 Johna DeNap et al., “Combating Drug-Resistant Bacteria: Small Molecule Mimics of Plasmid Incompatibility as Antiplasmid Compounds”, Journal of the American Chemical Society 126 (2004), 15402-15404.

38 Virve Enne et al., “Evidence of Antibiotic Resistance Gene Silencing in Escherichia coli”, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50 (2006), 3003-10.

39 Теоретически благодаря сорту “Флавр-Савр” полки продуктовых магазинов должны были наполниться более ароматными помидорами, потому что фермеры могли бы собирать их дозревшими (а не зелеными), не боясь, что они сгниют по дороге к покупателю. На деле же небольшого усиления аромата оказалось недостаточно, чтобы преодолеть тот мандраж, который вызывают у покупателей генетически модифицированные продукты.

40 D. G. White et al., “Inhibition of the Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (mar) Operon in Escherichia coli by Antisense DNA Analogues”, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 41 (1997), 2699–2704.

41 C. Torres Viera et al., “Restoration of Vancomycin Susceptibility in Enterococcus faecalis by Antiresistance Determinant Gene Transfer”, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 45 (2001), 973–975.

42 Rene Sarno et al., “Inhibition of Aminoglycoside 6’ – N acetyltransferase Type Ib-Mediated Amikacin Resistance by Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotides”, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47 (2003), 3296–3304.

43 WHO International Review Panel, “Impacts of Antimicrobial Growth Promoter Termination in Denmark: The WHO International Review Panel’s Evaluation of the Termination of the Use of Antimicrobial Growth Promoters in Denmark”, www.who.int / gfn / links / gssamrgro wthreportstory / en /.

44 McDonald’s Global Policy on Antibiotic Use in Food Animals, June 2003, www.aboutmcdonalds.com / etc / medialib / aboutMcDonalds / socialresponsiblity.Par.33574. File.dat / antibiotics_policy.pdf.

45 Richard Martin, “How Ravenous Soviet Viruses Will Save the World”, Wired, October 2003.

46 Peter Radetsky, “The Good Virus”, Discover 17 (November 1996); Thomas Hausler, Viruses vs. Superbugs (New York: Macmillan Science, 2006).

47 Интервью, взятые автором у Александра (Сандро) Сулаквелидзе в ноябре 2006 г.

48 Richard Stone, “Stalin’s Forgotten Cure”, Science 298 (2002), 728–731.

49 Amy Ellis Nutt, “Germs That Fight Germs: How Killer Bacteria Have Defeated Our Last Antibiotic”, Star-Ledger, December 9, 2003.

50 Письмо Кевина Смилли (Kevin Smeallie) автору от ноября 2006 г.

51 Anne Bruttin, Harald Br?ssow, “Human Volunteers Receiving Escherichia coli Phage T4 Orally: A Safety Test of Phage Therapy”, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 49 (2005), 2874–2878.

52 Thomas Broudy, Vincent Fischetti, “In Vivo Lysogenic Conversion of Tox- Streptococcus pyogenes to Tox+ with Lysogenic Streptococci or Free Phage”, Infection and Immunity 71 (2003), 3782–3786; Thomas Broudy et al., “Induction of Lysogenic Bacteriophage and Phage-Associated Toxin from Group A Streptococci During Coculture with Human Pharyngeal Cells”, Infection and Immunity 69 (2001), 1440–1443.

53 Steven Projan, “Phage-Inspired Antibiotics”, Nature Biotechnology 22 (2004), 167–168.

54 Phage Therapy Center, www.phagetherapycenter.com.

55 Jmg Liu et al., “Antimicrobial Drug Discovery Through Bacteriophage Genomics”, Nature Biotechnology 22 (2004), 185–191.

56 Qui Cheng et al., “Removal of Group B Steptococci Colonize the Vagina and Oropharynx of Mice with a Bacteriophage Lytic Eenzyme”, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 49 (2005), 111117; J. M. Loeffler et al, “Rapid Killing of Streptococcus pneumoniae with a Bacteriophage Cell Wall Hydrolase”, Science 294 (2001), 2170–2172; R. Schuch et al., “A Bacteriolytic Agent That Detects and Kills Bacillus anthracis”, Nature 418 (2002), 884–889; D. Nelson et al., “Prevention and Elimination of Upper Respiratory Colonization of Mice by Group A Streptococci by Using a Bacteriophage Lytic Enzyme”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98 (2001), 4107–4112.

57 Интервью, взятые автором у Винсента Фискетти в октябре – ноябре 2006 г.

58 Britta Leverentz et al., “Biocontrol of Listeria monocytogenes on Fresh-Cut Pro duce by Treatment with Lytic Bacteriophages and a Bacteriocin”, Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69 (2003), 4519–4526; Britta Leverentz et al., “Exami nation of Bacteriophage as a Biocontrol Method for Salmonella on Fresh-Cut Fruit: A Model Study”, Journal of Food Protection 64 (2001), 1116–1121.

59 Harald Br?ssow, “Phage Therapy: The Escherichia coli Experience”, Microbiology 151 (2005), 2133–2140; T. R. Calloway et al., “What Are We Doing About Escherichia coli 0157: H7 in Cattle”, Journal ofAnimal Science 82 (2004), E93 – E99.

60 H. Steiner et al., “Sequence and Specificity of Two Antibacterial Proteins Involved in Insect Immunity”, Nature 292 (1981), 246–248.

61 T. Ganz et al., “Defensins, Natural Peptide Antibiotic of Human Neutrophils”, Journal of Clinical Investigation 76 (1985), 1427–1435.

62 Michael Zasloff, “Magainins, a Class of Antimicrobial Peptides from Xenopus Skin: Isolation, Characterization of Two Active Forms, and Partial cDNA Sequence of a Precursor”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 84 (1987), 5449–5453.

63 “Magainin, Shield Against Disease”, New York Times, August 9, 1987,

E24; см. также: Lawrence Altman, “Staying Ahead of Microbes: New Progress”, New York Times, August 4, 1987, C3.

64 Michael Zasloff, “Antimicrobial Peptides of Multicellular Organisms”, Nature 415 (2002), 389–395.

65 Y. Ge et al., “In Vitro Antibacterial Properties of Pexiganan, an Analog of Magainin”, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 43 (1999), 782–788.

66 M. J. Goldman et al., “Human Beta-defensm-1 Is a Salt-Sensitive Antibiotic in Lung That Is Inactivated in Cystic Fibrosis”, Cell 88 (1997), 553–560.

67 L. Jacob, M. Zasloff, “Potential Therapeutic Applications of Magainins and Other Antimicrobial Agents of Animal Origin”, Ciba Foundation Symposia 186 (1994X197-223; Y. Ge et al., “In Vitro Susceptibility to Pexiganan of Bacteria Isolated from Infected Diabetic Foot Ulcers”, Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 35 (1999), 45–53.

68 Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Anti-infective Drugs Advisory Committee, 66th meeting, March 4, 1999 (стенограмма).

69 Rexford Ahima et al., “Appetite Suppression and Weight Reduction by a Centrally Active Aminosterol”, Diabetes 51 (2002), 2099–2104.

70 Graham Bell, Pierre-Henri Gouyon, “Arming the Enemy: The Evolution of Resistance to Self-Proteins”, Microbiology 149 (2003), 1367–1375.

71 Jack Lucentini, “Antibiotic Arms Race Heats Up”, Scientist, September 8, 2003, 29.

72 Gabriel Perron, Michael Zasloff, Graham Bell, “Experimental Evolution of Resistance to an Antimicrobial Peptide”, Proceedings of the Royal Society B 273 (2006), 251–256.

73 Charlotte Schubert, “Microbes Overcome Natural Antibiotic”, [email protected], November 2, 2005, www.nature.com/news/20 05 / 051031 / full / news051031-5.html.

74 Rubhana Raqib et al., “Improved Outcome in Shigellosis Associated with Butyrate Induction of an Endogenous Peptide Antibiotic”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (2006), 9178–9183.

75 Philip Liu et al., “Toll-like Receptor Triggering of a Vitamin D-Mediated Human Antimicrobial Response”, Science 311 (2006), 1770–1773.

76 Emma Harris, “Extreme TB Strain Threatens HIV Victims Worldwide”, Nature 443 (2006), 131.