Книга: Захватчики: Люди и собаки против неандертальцев

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· #1

Неаборигенного, чужеродного вида, который может непредсказуемо повлиять на местную фауну и флору. – Прим. ред.

· #2

У каждого биологического вида (разных размеров, скорости размножения и т. п.) МЖП своя и может сильно варьироваться. – Прим. ред.

· #3

Аллель (от греч. allelon – друг друга, взаимно) – одна из возможных форм одного и того же гена. Аллели расположены в одинаковых участках (локусах) гомологичных (парных) хромосом; определяют варианты развития одного и того же признака, контролируемого данным геном. – Прим. пер.

· #4

Красный волк в мире еще существует, хотя весьма редок. Речь идет о вымирании на конкретной территории. – Прим. ред.

· #1

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· #2

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· #3

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· #4

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· #7

Там же, с. 395.

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· #11

An Ecological Context for the Role of Large Carnivores in Conserving Biodiversity Ray J., Redford K., Stenecke R. et al. Large Carnivores and the Conservation of Biodiversity. Washington, DC: Island Press. 2005. P. 15.

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Executive Order 13112 of February 3, 1999, Invasive Species Federal Register 64, no. 25, February 8,1999, Presidential Documents 6183.

· #14

Executive Order 13112 of February 3, 1999, Invasive Species Federal Register 64, no. 25, February 8,1999, Presidential Documents 6183.

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Davidson I. Peopling the Last New Worlds: The First Colonisation of Sahul and the Americas // Quaternary International. 285. 2013, 1–29.

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· #21

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· #25

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Neanderthal Genome Yields Insights into Human Evolution and Evidence of Interbreeding with Modern Humans // Science News. 6 мая 2010.

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Neanderthal Genome Yields Insights into Human Evolution and Evidence of Interbreeding with Modern Humans // Science News. 6 мая 2010.

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· #32

Sarah Tischkoff, из личных разговоров с автором, 5 февраля 2014.

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· #36

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· #37

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· #38

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· #39

Wood R., Douka K., Boscato P. et al. Testing the ABOx-SC Method: Dating Known-Age Charcoals Associated with the Campanian Ignimbrite // Quaternary Geochronology. 9. 2012, 16–26.

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Amos J. Last-Stand Neanderthals Queried // BBC News. 05.02.2013 г. http://www.bbcxo.uk/news/science-environment-21330194

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T. Higham, из личных разговоров с автором, 28 июня 2013.

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· #45

Pinhasa et al. Revised Age of Late Neanderthal Occupation.

· #46

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Higham T. et al. Timing and Spatio-Temporal Patterning.

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· #53

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Из личных разговоров автора с несколькими фермерами в долине Парадайз, 2 августа 2012 г.; D. Mech, «Wolf Restoration to the Adirondacks and Advantages and Disadvantages of Public Participation in the Decisions,» in Wolves and Human Communities: Biology, Politics, and Ethics, eds. V. Sharpe, B. Noron, and S. Donnelly (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2000), 13–22; V. Geist, «When Do Wolves Become Dangerous to Humans?» September 29, 2007, http://www.vargfakta.se/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Geist-when-do-wolves-become-dangerous-to-humans-pt-l.pdf.

· #115

R. Wood, T. Higham, T. de Torres et al., «A New Date for the Neanderthals from El Sidron Cave (Asturias, Northern Spain),» Archaeometry 55 (2013): 148–158, doi: 10.1111/).1475–4754.2012.00671.x; T. de Torres, J. Ortiz, R. Grim et al., «Dating of the Hominid {Homo neanderthalensis) Remains Accumulation from El Sidron Cave (Borines, Asturias, North Spain): An Example of Multi-Methodological Approach to the Dating of Upper Pleistocene Sites,» Archaeometry 52 (2010): 680–705, doi: 10.1111/j/1475–4754.2009.00671.x.

· #116

J. Bermudez de Castro and P. Perez, «Enamel Hypoplasia in the Middle Pleistocene Hominids from Atapuerca (Spain),» American Journal of Physical Anthropology 96 (1995): 301–314; D. Guatelli-Steinberg, C. S. Larsen, and D. L. Hutchinson, «Prevalence and the Duration of Linear Enamel Hypoplasia: A Comparative Study of Neandertals and Inuit Foragers,» Journal of Human Evolution 47 (2004): 65–84.

· #117

A. Rosas, E. Martinez, J. Canaveras et al., «Paleobiology and Comparative Morphology of a Late Neanderthal Sample from El Sidron, Asturias, Spain,» Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 103 (2006): 19266–19271.

· #118

A. Defleur, O. Dutour, H. Valladas et al., «Cannibals among the Neanderthals?» Nature 362 (1993): 214.

· #119

A. Defleur, T. White, P. Valensi et al., «Neanderthal Cannibalism at Moula-Guercy, Ardeche, France,» Science 286 (1999): 128–131.

· #120

Bar-Yosef, «Eat What Is There,» 338.

· #121

P. Mellars and J. French, «Tenfold Population Increase in Western Europe at the Neandertal-to-Modern Human Transition,» Science 333 (2011): 623–627.

· #122

См., например, O. Bar-Yosef and J.-G. Bordes, «Who Were the Makers of the Chatelperronian Culture?» Journal of Human Evolution 59 (2010): 586–593; T. Higham, R. Jacobi, M. Julien et al., «Chronology of the Grotte du Renne (France) and Implications for the Context of Ornaments and Human Remains within the Chatelperronian,» Proceedings ofthe National Academy of Sciences USA 107 (2010): 20234–20239.

· #123

P. Shipman, не опубликовано. Убрав данные, основанные на шательперонских стоянках, я получила следующие оценки: количество стоянок: N = 26 мустьерских и 147 ориньякских. Пересчитанная плотность распределения орудий, шт/м2/1000 лет: для девяти мустьерских стоянок среднее значение составляет 6,6; для 12 ориньякских – 1,76. Тест Манна – Уитни показывает, что это отличие статистически значимо, значение параметра p < 0,002. Масса мяса: для мустьерских стоянок нет данных, поэтому невозможно провести статистическое сравнение с ориньякскими стоянками, для которых среднее значение (по 15 стоянкам) составляет 152,8 кг. Площадь стоянок: средняя площадь пяти мустьерских стоянок составляет 110 м2, тогда как средняя площадь 12 ориньякских стоянок равна 243,8 м2. Хотя ориньякские стоянки очевидно больше по размерам, чем мустьерские, статистическое сравнение лишено смысла из-за влияния многих факторов на площадь раскопок (финансирование, количество исследователей в группе, проводившей раскопки, географические факторы). За дополнительными разъяснениями по процедуре и сравнениями можно обратиться к статье Мелларс и Френч «Десятикратное увеличение популяции» (Mellars and French, «Tenfold Population Increase»).

· #124

B. Hockett and J. Haws, «Nutritional Ecology and the Human Demography of Neandertal Extinction,» Quaternary International 137 (2005): 21–34, doi: 10.1016/j. quaint. 2004.11.017; B. Hockett, «The Consequence of Middle Paleolithic Diets on Pregnant Neandertal Women,» Quaternary International 264 (2011): 78–82; L. Dalen, L. Orlando, B. Shapiro et al., «Partial Genetic Turnover in Neanderthals: Continuity in the East and Population Replacement in the West,» Molecular Biology and Evolution 29 (2012): 1893–1897.

· #125

N. Conard, «The Demise of the Neanderthal Cultural Niche and the Beginning of the Upper Paleolithic in Southwestern Germany,» in Neanderthal Lifeways, Subsistence, and Technology: One Hundred Fifty Years of Neanderthal Study, eds. N. Conard and J. Richter (New York: Springer, 2011), 228.

· #126

N. Conard, «Changing View of the Relationship between Neanderthals and Modern Humans,» in When Neanderthals and Modern Humans Met, ed. N. Conard (Tubingen: Verlag, 2006), 11.

· #127

Higham et al., «The Timing and Spatio-Temporal Patterning.»

· #128

D. Adler, O. Bar-Yosef, A. Belfer-Cohen et al., «Dating the Demise: Neanderthal Extinction and the Establishment of Modern Humans in the Southern Caucasus,» Journal of Human Evolution 55 (2008): 817–833; Pinhasa etal., «Revised Age of Late Neanderthal Occupation»; J.-M. Lopez-Garcia, H.-A. Blain, M. Bennasar et al., «Heinrich Event 4 Characterized by Terrestrial Proxies in South-western Europe,» Climate of the Past 9 (2013): 1053–1064.

· #129

Higham et al., «Testing Models for the Beginnings of the Aurignacian.»

· #130

C. Finlayson, F. Pacheco, J. Rodriguez-Vidal et al., «Late Survival of Neanderthals at the Southernmost Extreme of Europe,» Nature 443 (2006): 850–853.

· #131

Dalen et al., «Partial Genetic Turnover in Neanderthals.»

· #132

Defleur et al., «Neanderthal Cannibalism at Moula-Guercy»; Rosas et al., «Paleobiology and Comparative Morphology of a Late Neanderthal Sample.»

· #133

S. Churchill, R. Franciscus, H. McKean-Peraza et al., «Shanidar 3 Neandertal Rib Puncture Wound and Paleolithic Weaponry», Journal of Human Evolution 57 (2009): 163–178, doi: 10.1016/j. jhevol. 2009.05.010.

· #134

F. Ramirez Rozzi, F. d'Errico, M. Vanhaeren et al., «Cutmarked Human Remains Bearing Neandertal Features and Modern Human Remains Associated with the Aurignacian at Les Rois,» Journal of Anthropological Science 87 (2009): 153–185.

· #135

C. Finlayson, The Human Who Went Extinct; Why Neanderthals Died Out and We Survived (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 118–119.

· #136

Froehle and Churchill, «Energetic Competition between Neandertals and Anatomically Modern Humans»; L. Aiello and P. Wheeler, 2003. «Neanderthal Thermoregulation and the Glacial Climate,» in Neanderthals and Modern Humans in the European Landscape during the Last Glaciation, eds. T. van Andel and W. Davies (Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, 2003), 147–166; S. Churchill, «Bioenergetic Perspectives on Neandertal Thermoregulatory and Activity Budgets,» in Neanderthals Revisited: New Approaches and Perspectives, eds. K. Harvatiand T. Harrison (Dordrecht: Springer, 2006), 113–131; M. Sorensen and W. Leonard, «Neanderthal Energetics and Foraging Efficiency,» Journal of Human Evolution 40 (2001): 483–495; A. Steegmann, F. Cerny, and T. Holliday, «Neandertal Cold Adaptation: Physiological and Energetic Factors,» American Journal of Human Biology 14 (2002): 566–583.

· #137

Sorensen, Leonard, «Neanderthal Energetics and Foraging Efficiency»; Steegmann et al., «Neandertal Cold Adaptation.»

· #138

Aiello, Wheeler, «Neanderthal Thermoregulation.»

· #139

J. Gittleman, S. Thompson, «Energy Allocation in Mammalian Reproduction,» American Zoologist 28 (1988): 863–875.

· #140

B. Hockett, «The Consequences of Middle Paleolithic Diets on Pregnant Neanderthal Women,» Quaternary International 264 (2012): 78–82, p. 79.

· #141

B. Hockett, «The Consequences of Middle Paleolithic Diets on Pregnant Neanderthal Women,» Quaternary International 264 (2012): 78–82, p. 81.

· #142

T. Holliday, «Postcranial Evidence of Cold Adaptation in European Neandertals,» American Journal of Physical Anthropology 104 (1997): 245–258.

· #143

C. Carbone, J. Gittelman, «A Common Rule for the Scaling of Carnivore Density,» Science 295 (2002): 2273–2276.

· #144

См. прекрасный обзор S. E. Churchill, Thin on the Ground (New York: Basic Books, 2014).

· #145

C. Hertler and R. Volmer, «Assessing Prey Competition in Fossil Carnivore Communities – A Scenario for Prey Competition and Its Evolutionary Consequences for Tigers in Pleistocene Java,» Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 257 (2008): 67–80; H. Hemmer, O. Owen-Smith, and M. Mills, «Predator-Prey Size Relationships in an African Large-Mammal Food Web,» Journal of Animal Ecology 77 (2008): 173–183, doi: 10.1111/j.l365–2656.2007.01314.x.

· #146

S. Miinzel, M. Stiller, M. Hofreiter et al., «Pleistocene Bears in the Swabian Jura (Germany): Genetic Replacement, Ecological Displacement, Extinctions and Survival,» Quaternary International 245 (2011): 225–237.

· #147

A. Turner and M. Anton, The Big Cats and Their Fossil Relatives: An Illustrated Guide to Their Evolution and Natural History (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997); W. Anyonge, «Body Mass in Large Extant and Extinct Carnivores,» Journal of Zoology London 231 (1993): 339–350.

· #148

R. Guthrie, Frozen Fauna of the Mammoth Steppe (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990).

· #149

Turner, Anton. Big Cats.

· #150

Anyonge, «Body Mass in Large Extant and Extinct Carnivores.»

· #151

Churchill, Thin on the Ground, ch. 8.

· #152

Hemmer et al., «Predator-Prey Size Relationships.»

· #153

Данные из работы D. Brook and D. Bowman, «The Uncertain Blitzkrieg of Pleistocene Megarauna,» Journal of Btogeography 31 (2004): 517–523.

· #154

C. Carbone, G. Mace, S. C. Roberts et al., «Energetic Constraints on the Diet of Terrestrial Carnivores,» Nature 402 (1999): 287, doi: 10.1038/46266.

· #155

Hertler and Volmer, «Assessing Prey Competition.»

· #156

Churchill, Thin on the Ground, 271–273.

· #157

D. Stanford, R. Bonnichsen, and R. Morlan, «The Ginsberg Experiment: Modern and Prehistoric Evidence of a Bone-Flaking Technology,» Science 212 (1981): 438–440, doi: 10.1126/science. 212.4493.438.

· #158

D. Grayson and F. Delpech, «Tie Large Mammals of Roc de Combe (Lot, France): The Chatelperronian and Aurignacian Assemblages,» Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 27 (2008): 359.

· #159

H. Bocherens, D. Drucker, D. Bonjean et al., «Isotopic Evidence for Dietary Ecology of Cave Lion (Panthera spelaea) in North-Western Europe: Prey Choice, Competition and Implications for Extinction,» Quaternary International 245 (2011): 249–261.

· #160

Churchill, Thin on the Ground, 264–276.

· #161

N. Carter, B. Shrestha, J. Karki, N. Pradhan et al., «Coexistence between Wildlife and Humans at Fine Spatial Scales,» Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 109 (2012): 15360–15365.

· #162

E. Ghezzo, A. Palchetti, and L. Rook, «Recovering Data from Historical Collections: Stratigraphic and Spatial Reconstruction of the Outstanding Carnivoran Record from the Late Pleistocene Equi Cave (Apuane Alps, Italy),» Quaternary Science Reviews 96 (2014): 168–179.

· #163

C. Diedrich, «Late Pleistocene Leopards across Europe: Northernmost European German Population, Highest Elevated Records in the Swiss Alps, Complete Skeletons in the Bosnia Herzegowina Dinarids and Comparison to the Ice Age Cave Art,» Quaternary Science Reviews 76 (2013): 167–193; G. von Petzinger and A. Nowell, «A Place in Time: Situating Chauvet within the Long Chronology of Symbolic Behavioral Development,» Journal of Human Evolution, in press, doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol. 2014.02.022.

· #164

M?nzel et al., «Pleistocene Bears in the Swabian Jura.»

· #165

M?nzel et al., «Pleistocene Bears in the Swabian Jura.», с. 231.

· #166

«True Causes for Extinction of Cave Bear Revealed: More Human Expansion than Climate Change,» Science News, August 25, 2010.

· #167

M. Stiller, G. Baryshnikov, H. Bocherens et al., «Withering Away – 25,000 Years of Genetic Decline Preceded Cave Bear Extinction,» Molecular Biology and Evolution 27 (2010): 975–978.

· #168

Mellars and French, «Tenfold Population Increase.»

· #169

M?nzel et al., «Pleistocene Bears in the Swabian Jura,» 232–233.

· #170

Froehle and Churchill, «Energetic Competition between Neandertals and Anatomically Modern Humans.»

· #171

P. Wojtal, J. Wilczy?ski, Z. Boche?ski et al., «Tie Scene of Spectacular Feasts: Animal Remains from Pavlov I South-east, Czech Republic,» Quaternary International 252 (2012): 122–141.

· #172

S. Kuhn and M. C. Stiner, «What's a Mother to Do? Tie Division of Labor among Neandertals and Modern Humans in Eurasia,» Current Anthropology 47 (2006): 953–980.

· #173

G. Haynes, Mammoths, Mastodonts, and Elephants: Biology, Behavior, and the Fossil Record (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).

· #174

E. Wing and A. Brown, Paleonutrition (New York: Academic Press, 1979).

· #175

Hortol? and Mart?nez-Navarro, «Quaternary Megafaunal Extinction and the Fate of Neanderthals.»

· #176

K. Richards and M. Jagger, «You Can't Always Get What You Want.» Let It Bleed, ABKCO Records, 2002.

· #177

Mellars and French, «Tenfold Population Increase.»

· #178

N. Conard, «The Cultural Niche»; N. Conard, M. Bolus, P. Goldberg et al., «The Last Neanderthals and the First Modern Humans in the Swabian Jura,» in When Neanderthals and Modern Humans Met, ed. N. Conard (Tubingen: Kerns Verlag, 2006), 305–342.

· #179

Данные о плотности распределения взяты из работ Haynes, Mammoths, Mastodonts, and Elephants; G. Haynes, «Mammoth Landscapes: Good Country for Hunter-Gatherers,» Quaternary International 142/143 (2006): 20–29; F. De Boer, F. van Langevelde, H. Prins et al., «Understanding Spatial Differences in African Elephant Densities and Occurrence, a Continent-Wide Analysis,» Biological Conservation 159 (2013): 468–476; IUCN African Elephant Specialist Group, www.elephantdatabase.org.

· #180

Wilczyriski et al., «Spatial Organization of the Gravettian Mammoth Hunters' Site,» 3638.

· #181

L. Demay, S. Pean, and M. Patou-Mathis, «Mammoths used as food and building resources by Neanderthals: Zooarchaeological study applied to layer 4, Molodova I (Ukraine),» Quaternary International 276/277 (2012): 212–226.

· #182

R. H. Gargett, «One Mammoth Steppe Too Far,» Subversive Archaeologist (blog), December 21, 2011, http://www.thesubversivearchaeologist.com/2011/12/one-mammoth-steppe-too-far.html.

· #183

Higham et al., «The Timing and Spatio-Temporal Patterning.»

· #184

H. Bocherens and D. Drucker, «Dietary Competition between Neanderthals and Modern Humans: Insights from Stable Isotopes,» in When Neanderthals and Modern Humans Met, ed. N. Conard (Tubingen: Kerns Verlag, 2006), 129–143; Germonpre et al., «Possible Evidence of Mammoth Hunting»; P. Semal, H. Rougier, I. Crevecoeur et al., «New Data on the Late Neandertals: Direct Dating of the Belgian Spy Fossils,» American Journal of Physical Anthropology 138 (2009): 421–428.

· #185

N. McDermott, «Did Climate Change Drive the Woolly Mammoth to Extinction? Genetic Tests Reveal Species Declined as Weather Warmed,» Daily Mail, September 11, 2013.

· #186

M. Germonpre, M. Sablin, R. E. Stevens et al., «Fossil Dogs and Wolves from Palaeolithic Sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia: Osteometry, Ancient DNA and Stable Isotopes,» Journal of Archaeological Science 36 (2009): 473–490.

· #187

M. Germonpre, M. Laznickova-Galetova, and M. Sablin, «Palaeolithic Dog Skulls at the Gravettian Predmosti Site, the Czech Republic,» Journal of Archaeological Science 39 (2012): 184–202.

· #188

M. Germonpr?, J. R?ik?nnen, M. L?znickov?-Galetov? et al., «Mandibles from Palaeolithic Dogs and Pleistocene Wolves at Predmosti, the Czech Republic,» in The World of Gravettian Hunters, ed. P. Wojtal, Institute of Systematics and the Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences (2013), 23–24; M. Germonpr?, M. L?znickov?-Galetov?, R. Losey et al., «Large Canids at the Gravettian Predmosti site, the Czech Republic: The Mandible,» Quaternary International (in press): 1–19.

· #189

Germonpr? et al., «Fossil Dogs and Wolves,» 482.

· #190

N. Ovodov, S. Crockford, Y. Kuzmina et al., «A 33,000-Year-Old Incipient Dog from the Altai Mountains of Siberia: Evidence of the Earliest Domestication Disrupted by the Last Glacial Maximum,» PLoS ONE 6, no. 7 (2011): e22821.

· #191

O. Thalmann, B. Shapiro, P. Cui et al., «Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Ancient Canids Suggest a European Origin of Domestic Dogs,» Science 342 (2013): 871–874.

· #192

Ibid., 872.

· #193

R. Wayne, personal communication to author, 2012.

· #194

J. Avise, On Evolution (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007), 49–50.

· #195

E. Ostrander and R. Wayne, «The Canine Genome,» Genome Research 15 (2005): 1706–1716, doi: 10.1101/gr.3736605.

· #196

R. Wayne, «Cranial Morphology of Domestic and Wild Canids: The Influence of Development on Morphological Change,» Evolution 40 (1986): 243–261; R. Wayne, "Limb Morphology of Domestic and Wild Canids: The Influence of Development on Morphologic Chang Journal of Morphology 187 (1986): 301–319.

· #197

См. обзор в книге J. Clutton-Brock, Animals as Domesticates: A World View through History (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2012).

· #198

R. Coppinger and L. Coppinger, Dogs: A Startling New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior, and Evolution (New York: Scribner, 2001).

· #199

V. Geist, «When Do Wolves Become Dangerous to Humans?» September 29, 2007, http://www.vargfakta.se/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Geist-when-do-wolves-become-dangerous-to-humans-pt-l.pdf.

· #200

O. Soffer, личная переписка с автором, 15 марта 2013.

· #201

L. Marquer, V. Lebretona, T. Otto et al., «Charcoal Scarcity in Epigravettian Settlements with Mammoth Bone Dwellings: The Taphonomic Evidence from Mezhyrich (Ukraine),» Journal of Archaeological Science 39 (2012): 109–120.

· #202

См., напр.: S. Leshchinshy and O. Bukharova, «Geochemical Stress of the Krakow-Spadzista Street Mammoth Population Demonstrated by Electron Microscopy,» in The World of Gravettian Hunters, Institute of Systematics and the Evolution of Animals, ed. P. Wojtal (Krakow: Polish Academy of Sciences, 2013), 45–49; S. Leshchinsky, «Lugovskoye: Environment, Taphonomy, and Origin of a Paleofaunal Site,» Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 1, no. 25 (2006): 33–40, doi: 10.1134/S1563011006010026.

· #203

N. Bicho, A. Pastoors, and B. Auffermann, eds., Humans Best Friends – Dogs… and Fire! Pleistocene Foragers on the Iberian Peninsula: Their Culture and Environment (Mettmann: Wissenschaftliche Schriften des Neanderthal Museums 7, 2013): 217–242.

· #204

V. Ruusila and M. Pesonen, «Interspecific Benefits in Human (Homo sapiens) Hunting: Benefits of a Barking Dog,» Annals of the Zoologica Fennici 41 (2004): 545–549.

· #205

J. Koster and K. Tankersley, «Heterogeneity of Hunting Ability and Nutritional Status among Domestic Dogs in Lowland Nicaragua, Hunting Ability,» Proceedings ofthe National Academy of Sciences USA 109 (2012): 463–470, doi: 10.1073/pnas.lll2515109.

· #206

K. Lupo, «A Dog Is for Hunting,» in Ethnozooarchaeology, eds. U. Albarella and A. Trentacoste (Oxford: Oxbow Press, 2011), 4–12.

· #207

M. Stiner and S. Kuhn, «Paleolithic Diet and the Division of Labor in Mediterranean Eurasia,» in The Evolution of Hominin Diets; Integrating Approaches to the Study of Paleolithic Subsistence, eds. J.-J. Hublin and M. P. Richards (Springer Science and Business Media B. V., 2009): 157–169, p. 161.

· #208

C. Arnold, «Possible Evidence of Domestic Dog in a Paleoeskimo Context,» Arctic 32 (1979): 263.

· #209

J. Speth, K. Newlander, A. White et al., «Early Paleoindian Big-Game Hunting in North America: Provisioning or Politics?» Quaternary International285 (2013): 121.

· #210

C. Turner, «Teeth, Needles, Dogs and Siberia: Bioarchaeological Evidence for the Colonization of the New World,» in The First Americans: The Pleistocene Colonization of the New World, ed. N. Jablonski (San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences, 2002), 123–158.

· #211

S. Fiedel, «Man's Best Friend and Mammoth's Worst Enemy? A Speculative Essay on the Role of Dogs in Paleoindian Colonization and Megafaunal Extinction,» World Archaeology 37 (2005): 11–25.

· #212

D. Morey and K. Aaris-Sorensen, «Paleoeskimo Dogs of the Eastern Arctic» Arctic 55 (2002): 44–56.

· #213

«Hunting a Polar Bear with Dogs,» October 18, 2012, http://retrieverman.net/2012/10/18/hunting-a-polar-bear-with-dogs/; S. Vilhjalmur, The Friendly Arctic: The Story of Five Years in Polar Regions (New York: Macmillan: 1921).

· #214

Kuhn and Stiner, «What's a Mother to Do?».

· #215

A. Vanak and M. Gompper, «Dogs Canis familiaris as Carnivores: Their Role and Function in Intraguild Competition,» Mammalian Review (2009) 148: 265–283, 281.

· #216

Wqjtal et al., «The Scene of Spectacular Feasts,» 135–137.

· #217

Данные из работы R. Musil, «Palaeoenvironment at Gravettian Sites Central Europe with Emphasis on Moravia (Czech Republic),» Quart?r SI (2010): 95–123.

· #218

H. Bocherens, D. Drucker, M. Germonpr? et al., «Reconstruction of the Gravettian Food-Web at Predmosti I Using Multi-Isotopic Tracking (13C, 15N, 34S) of Bone Collagen,» Quaternary International, in press.

· #219

F. S. Galton, «The First Steps Towards the Domestication of Animals,» Transactions of the Ethnological Society, London (1863) n. s. 1: 122–138; J. Clutton-Brock, A Natural History of Domesticated Animals, 2nd edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).

· #220

A. Sherratt, «The Secondary Exploitation of Animais in the Old World,» World Archaeology, Transhumance and Pastoralism 15, no. 1 (1983): 90–104; A. Sherratt, «Plough and Pastoralism: Aspects of the Secondary Products Revolution,» in Pattern of the Past: Studies in Honour of David Clarke, eds. I. Hodder, G. Isaac, and N. Hammond (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981): 261–305.

· #221

P. Shipman, «And the Last Shall be First,» in Animal Secondary Products: Archaeological Perspectives on Domestic Animal Exploitation in the Neolithic and Bronze Age, ed. H. Greenfield (Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2014), 40–54.

· #222

L. Lord, «A Comparison of the Sensory Development of Wolves (Canis lupus lupus) and Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris),» Ethology 119 (2013): 110–120, doi: 10.1111/eth.l2044.

· #223

B. Hare and V. Woods, The Genius of Dogs: How Dogs Are than You Think (New York: Dutton, 2013), 76–77.

· #224

L. Trut, «Early Canid Domestication: The Farm-Fox Experiment,» American Scientist 87 (1999): 160, doi: 10.1511/1999.2.160; L. Trut, E. Naumenko, and D. Belyaev, «Change in Pituitary-Adrenal Function in Silver Foxes under Selection for Domestication,» Genetika 5 (1972): 35–43 (in Russian, English abstract).

· #225

Shipman, The Animal Connection; Shipman, «And the Last.»

· #226

J. Bohannon, «Who's (Socially) Smarter: The Dog or the Wolf?» Science Now, May 28, 2013.

· #227

P. Smith and C. Litchfield, «How Well Do Dingoes, Canis dingo, Perform on the Detour Task?» Animal Behaviour 80 (2010): 155–162.

· #228

Geist, «When Do Wolves Become Dangerous?»

· #229

Hare and Woods, Genius of Dogs, 14.

· #230

Soffer, Upper Paleolithic of the Central Russian Plain, 258, 187.

· #231

Palomares and Caro, «Interspecific Killing.»

· #232

Vanak and Gompper, «Dogs Canis familiaris as Carnivores.»

· #233

Wojtal et al., «The Scene of Spectacular Feasts.»

· #234

G. Haynes, «Utilization and Skeletal Disturbances of North American Prey Carcasses,» Arctic 35 (1982): 266–382.

· #235

M. Stiner, «Comparative Ecology and Taphonomy of Spotted Hyenas, Humans, and Wolves in Pleistocene Italy,» Revue de Pal?obiologie, Gen?ve 23 (2004): 771–785.

· #236

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